INTRODUCTION
Rescue and preservation of this culture is essentially intended for the public interest, informed through exhibitions and publications catalogs, brochures, audio visual website as well. The goal is that people know and participate in the preservation of the nation's cultural heritage.
Regarding the exhibition, exhibition arrangement system in the old building (Unit A) based on the types of collections, both based on the scientific, material, and regionalism. As Exhibit space Prehistoric, Bronze Room, Living Textiles, Ethnographic Space of Sumatra, and others. While the arrangement of exhibits in the new building (Building Unit B or ARCA) is no longer based on the type of collection but rather leads to a theme based on aspects of human culture which is positioned as an agent in his neighborhood. The theme of the exhibition, entitled "Cultural Diversity in Unity" consists of several subtema among others Human and Environment, Science, Technology and Economics, Social Organization and Settlement Patterns, and repertoire and Ceramics .
MUSEUM GAJAH COLLECTION
Keris
Keris is a stabbing weapon type daggers (pointy and sharp on both sides) with many functions of cultureare known in the archipelago of western and central. The shape is distinctive and easily distinguished from other sharp weapons because it is not symmetrical at the base of the dilated, often tortuous blade, and many of them have the prestige ( Damascene ), namely strokes on a piece of bright metal blade.This type of stabbing weapon that has a resemblance to the dagger is the dagger . Another stabbing weapon genuine archipelago is kerambit .
In the past Kris serves as a weapon in a duel / battle, as well as complementary offerings objects. In contemporary usage, the keris is more a matter accessory ( ageman ) in her dress , has a number of cultural symbols, or a collection of objects is assessed in terms of aesthetics .
Use of kris spread to the community residents are never affected by the Majapahit , such as Java ,Madura , Nusa Tenggara , Sumatra , the coast of Borneo , most of Sulawesi , Malay Peninsula , ThailandSouth, and the Philippines South ( Mindanao ). Kris Mindanao known as dull . Kris in each region has its own peculiarities in appearance, function, technique filmed, and terminology.
Keris Indonesia has been listed on the UNESCO as World Heritage of Human Non-material since 2005.
The origin and function
The origin of the keris is not fully explained because there are no written sources from the time of descriptive about it before the 15th century, although the mention of the term "dagger" has been listed on the inscription from the 9th century AD. Scientific review kris most forms of development are based on analysis of figures in the reliefs of the temple or the statue . Meanwhile, knowledge about the function of the keris can be traced from several inscriptions and reports of foreign explorers to the archipelago.
The beginning: The Influence of India-China
Sharp weapon with a form that is suspected to be a source of inspiration can be found on the keris relics perundagian of Dong Son Culture and southern China Vietnam
The attitude of respect for the various objects filmed metal can be traced as the influence of India . Dakuwu inscriptions (6th century) shows iconography featuring India
Prototype kris from pre-Majapahit
Megalithic statues and relief carvings of the megalithic temples until the 10-11 century BC calendar showing most forms of stabbing weapon and "wesi aji" other similar weapons from the Dong Son and India
From the same century, Karangtengah inscription dates to 824 AD refer to the term "dagger" in a list of the equipment . Poh Inscription (904 AD) called "kris" as part of the offering that need to be presented. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether the "dagger" that refers to the object as it is known today.
In Java the keris knowledge ( padhuwungan ), a dagger from the pre-Kadiri-Singasari known as "kris Buda" or "kris sombro". -Kris kris is not berpamor and simple [7] . Keris Buda considered a form of modern keris bodyguard. Examples of forms that are often quoted Kris Buda is a family owned Knaud ofBatavia obtained Knaud Charles, a Dutch enthusiasts Javanese mysticism, from Sri Paku Alam V . Keris has a relief figure epic Ramayana on the surface of the blade and put the 1,264th Saka year number ( 1 342 AD), contemporary with the Temple
Keris Buda has a resemblance to the form of a dagger with a variety of images seen in the temples in Java before the 11th century.Dagger in these temples still show the characteristics of weapons of India India
Iconographic studies of buildings and styles-carvings in the Kadiri Singasari (the 13th century until the 14th) indicate a tendency towards India
Modern Keris
Modern keris is believed to be known as the observer gain dagger shape during the Majapahit (14th century) but the actual relief on the temple relics Bahal Kingdom Panai / Pane (the 11th century AD), as part of the kingdom of Srivijaya , in North Sumatra Portibi , shows that in the 10th century-modern keris 11M as it is known today has found its form, in addition to carbon test on kris findings derived from Malang in East Java were found intact and its upstream / dedernya made of bone that can be done dedernya analysis of carbon, results show that the keris is derived from the 10M century.
Based on the earliest modern keris reliefs on temple Bahal North Sumatra and the discovery of Buddhist kris from East Java who both showed the age of 10M century it can be estimated that in about the 10th century BC began to create a dagger in its modern form is asymmetrical.
From the 15th century, one of the reliefs in Sukuh , which is the shrine of the end of the Majapahit period, clearly shows a master craftsman was making kris. Relief is on the left depict Bhima as the personification of the middle of the iron masters, Ganesha in the middle, and Arjuna was pumping tube furnace combustion air blower. The wall behind the master featuring a variety of forging metal objects, including a dagger.
Note Ma Huan from the year 1416, members of the expedition Cheng Ho , the "Ying-yai Sheng-lan" mentions that people always wear Majapahit (pu-la-t'ou ) are inserted on a belt. Regarding the word Pu-la-t'ou, although only based on similarity of sound, many argue that the question is a "dagger", and because the dagger is a dagger stabbing weapon as it is considered pu-la-t'ou describe the keris. It seems still to be done right at the time of the study whether majapahit dagger called a "dagger" but there is a description of the menggambarkann that "dagger" This is a dagger and manufacturing techniques have evolved well fame.
It could be referred to by Ma Huan with Pulat'ou is a "dirk". The word "skewer" more like "Pu-La-T'ou" rather than "dagger". If it is true that Ma Huan is the skewer on the picture of Ma Huan of weapons that are widely used in Majapahit keris but this is not a traditional kind of dagger weapon is now widely used in Sumatra is the curved shape like Jambiya, although these weapons have the inclination but lack the marijuana and gandik so can not be classified sebgai dagger. The presumption that what is meant by Pu-La-T'ou is dirk still need research on whether or not the community a lot of wear majapahit dirk / dagger as a weapon type.
Tome Pires , explorers Portuguese from the 16th century, mentioned the keris usage habits by males Java . Descriptions are not much different from that stated Ma Huan century earlier.
News of the Portuguese and French from the 17th century have demonstrated the use of widespread fame and use dagger handles of wood, horn, or ivory in various places in the archipelago
Development of function kris
At present, the keris has diverse functions and this is indicated by the diversity of the existing form of keris.
Kris as an element of sacrifice, as expressed by the inscriptions of the first millennium show keris as part of the offerings. At present, the keris is also still part of the offerings. Furthermore, the keris is also used in ritual / ceremony mystical or paranormal. Kris for the use of this kind has a different shape, with a pessimistic into upstream dagger, so that the upper one with a keris. Kris dagger of this kind is known as offerings or "kris majapahit" (not the same as formidable Majapahit keris)!.
The accounts of foreign shows the function of the keris as a weapon among the laity of Majapahit. Kris as a weapon has a blade that is strong, tough, but lightweight. Various legends of the period Demak - Mataram know some of the famous dagger weapons, such as the keris Nagasasra Sabukinten .
French report of the 16th century have been telling the keris as a symbol of the greatness of the role of the leaders of Sumatra (especially the Sultanate of Aceh ) [11] . Godinho de Heredia from Portugal wrote in his journal from the year 1613 that people were the Malay Peninsula residents ("Hujung Land
"Smoothing" function seems to be getting stronger dagger since the 19th century onwards, in line with the easing of political turmoil in the archipelago and a stronger use of firearms . In this development, the role of the kris as a weapon was gradually reduced. For example, in Java idealism of a man "perfect", it is often argued that the keris or suspected to be a symbol of the handle knowledge / skills for life provision [13][14] . The growing use of manners and variations kris dagger scabbard (sheath) which is known today can be said is also a form of smoothing function of the keris.
At present, among the Javanese keris keris is always seen as tosan aji or "hard objects (metal) is noble," not as a weapon. Keris is dhuwung , together with the spear ; both are considered as objects "handle" ( ageman ) taken primacy power by taking the form of stabbing weapon in the past. In Malaysia
The procedure for the use of different dagger in each region. In the Javanese and Sundaneseexample, a dagger was placed in the back of the waist in peacetime but is placed in front during the war. Placement in front of the keris can be interpreted as a willingness to fight. In addition, related to the function, sarong keris Java also has major variations: Gayaman and ladrang.Meanwhile, in Sumatra, Borneo , Malaysia , Brunei and the Philippines
Materials, manufacture, and maintenance
Base metal used in making keris there are two kinds of metals are metals iron and pamor metals steel . To make light of the professor always combine these ingredients with other metals. Kris today ( nem-Neman , built since the 20th century) often take prestige metal nickel .Past Keris ( dagger kuna ) which either have a metal prestige of stone meteorite known to have a content of titanium is high, in addition to nickel, cobalt , silver , tin , chromium , antimony , and copper . Well-known stone meteorite is a meteorite Prambanan, who had fallen in the 19th century in the complex of Prambanan enshrinement .
Kris-making varies from one master to another master, but there are procedures that are usually alike. Here is a brief process according to one of literature [15] . Blade of iron as a basic ingredient in wasuh or heated to incandescence and then hammered repeatedly to remove impurities (eg carbon and various oxides). Once clean, the blade is folded like the letter U for material prestige plates inserted in it.Furthermore, these folds again heated and forged. Once attached and elongated, this mixture of folded and forged back repeatedly. Way, strength, and position of forging, and the many folds will affect the prestige that comes later. This process is called saton . Its final form is elongated slab. Slabs are then cut into two parts, called kodhokan . A steel plate and then placed between the two kodhokan like breadsandwich , then tied dipijarkan and forged to unite. Edge then made slightly elongated kodhokan to be cut and used marijuana . The next stage is to form pessimistic , bengkek (gandhik candidate), and finally establish whether berluk or straight blades. Luk-making is done by heating.
The next stage is making ornaments ( Ricikan ) by working on specific parts using a miser , grinding , and drilling , according to dhapur kris to be made. Silak waja done hone blades to see the prestige of being formed. Marijuana was made to follow the bottom bar. Adapted to the diameter of the hole size pessimistic.
The last stage, ie plating, done so that the metal into iron metal steel dagger. In the Philippines
In addition to the usual way as above plating in plating Sepuh lick Kris is also known that at the time of burning metal Keris taken and licked with the tongue, Sepuh Akep namely when Kris smoldering metal and dikulum taken with the lips several times and Sepuh Saru is when Kris smoldering metal taken and clamped with a woman's genitals (vagina) Saru Sepuh This is the famous Sombro Nyi, a keris is not great but adjusted.
Provision of arsenic and fragrance oils made as a dagger in general care. Care in the tradition of Javanese kris performed each year, usually in the month of Muharram / Sura , although this is not a requirement. Kris term care is a "bath" kris, although it is actually done is to remove the old fragrance oil and rust on the blade dagger, usually with a liquid acid (traditionally use the juice of coconut , crushed fruit of Morinda citrifolia , or a squeeze of lime ). Blades that have been cleaned and then given warangan when necessary to reinforce the prestige, cleaned again, and then given a perfume oil to protect from rust new keris. This fragrance oil is traditionally used oil jasmine oil or sandalwood which was diluted in coconut oil.
Morphology
Kris or dhuwung consists of three main parts, namely the blades ( wilah or leaves kris), marijuana ("crutch"), and upstream kris ( carvings , kris handles). The part that should be there is the bar. Kris can be separated upstream and fused with the blade. Marijuana is not always there, but kris kris good-always have. Kris as a weapon and a tool is protected by a sheath ceremonial dagger or sheath .
Keris is a major part of the identification of a dagger. Knowledge of the form ( dhapur ) or kris morphology becomes important for identification purposes. The shape of the keris has many spiritual symbols other than aesthetic value. Common things to consider in the morphology of the dagger is a bend ( luk ), ornaments ( Ricikan ), color or beam blades, as well as patterns of prestige. The combination of these various components generating a number of standard forms ( dhapur ) Kris was much laid out in the libraries of the keris.
Effect of time affects the style of manufacture. Kris-making style is reflected in the concept of respite , which is usually associated with the periodization of history and geography, as well as the master craftsman who made it.
The handle kris
Kris handles ( Javanese : Gaman , or upstream keris) is a variety of motives, for the keris Balithere that resembles a god, pedande ( priest ), a giant, dancing, forest recluse and there are carved with gold and precious stones kinatah and usually studded with rubies .
Kris handles Sulawesi describe seabird. It was as a symbol of some professions society Sulawesi which is a sailor, while the bird is a symbol of world salvation. As head of the bird motif is also used on the kris Riau Linga, and for other areas as the development center tosan aji such as Aceh , Bangkinang (Riau), Palembang , Sambas , Kutai , Buginese , Luwu , Java ,Madura and Sulu , has carved dagger and a different symbol. In addition, the material used was derived from various materials such as ivory, bone, metal, and the most that is wood.
To handle the keris Java outline consists of wingking sirah (the back of the head), jiling, cigir, shallow, bathuk (head of the front), weteng and cauliflower .
§ Sheath or sarong keris
Sheath, or sheath the keris (Banjar language: tainted ), is a component of the keris has a specific function, particularly in the social life of the Java community, not least because this is the part that looks directly. Sheaths that originally made of wood (the common ones are teak ,sandalwood , timoho , and yellow ). In line with the times there growth wrangka function as a reflection of social status for its users. The top or ladrang-Gayaman often replaced with ivory .
Broadly speaking there are two forms of the sheath, which is kind of sheath ladrang which consists of the parts: tweezers, lata, beard, gandek, Godong (shaped like a leaf), axle, ri and cangkring . And the other type is the type wrangka Gayaman (gandon) which parts similar to wrangka ladrang but no tweezers, Godong , and gandek .
Usage rules wrangka form have been determined, although not absolute. Wrangka ladrang used for official ceremonies, say to the king, another palace official events (coronation, royal appointments, marriages, etc.) with the intention of respect. The procedure for its use is by slipping axle dagger in the folds of the belt (Stagen) on the back of the waist (including as consideration for the safety of the king).While wrangka Gayaman used for daily purposes, and the dagger was placed on the front (near the waist) or behind (rear waist).
In war , which is used is wrangka Gayaman kris, its consideration is of the practical and concise, because wrangka Gayaman further allows quick and easy to move, because the shape is more simple.
Ladrang and Gayaman wrangka a pattern-form, and the main part according wrangka function is the length of the bottom of the form (along wilah dagger), called the axle or antupan , then the function is to wrap wilah axle (bars) and are usually made of wood (considered to not damage the metal mixture wilah).
Since the function of the axle to wrap, so that the function of beauty does not come first, then to be coated memperindahnya like sleeve-cylinder called pendok . Section pendok (shell layer) is usually very beautifully carved, made of brass, suasa (a mixture of copper gold), silver, gold. For areas outside of Java (among the kings of Bugis , Goa , Palembang , Jakarta , Bali ) pendoknya made of gold, along with decorations such as embroidery string of gold and diamond studded flower diamond.
For the Javanese kris, according to the shape pendok there are three kinds, namely (1) pendok bunton flat without a hemisphere-shaped shell on its side, (2) pendok cantaloupe (blengah) split lengthwise up on one end so that the axle will be seen, and (3) pendok topengana slit located just in the middle. When viewed from the jewelry, there are two kinds of pendok pendok pendok carved and plain (without engraving).
Wilah
Wilah or wilahan is the main part of a dagger, and also consists of certain parts are not the same for every wilahan, which is usually called the kitchen , or the naming of various forms on wilah-bar (there are dozens of kitchen). As an example, may be mentioned a kitchen tall Virgin , bachelor lola ,pinarak , diadem murub , cauliflower , kebo tedan , Pudak sitegal , etc..
At the base there wilahan pessimistic , which is the lower end of a keris or dagger handles. This section goes into the handle of the kris (carving). This Pesi length between 5 cm to 7 cm, with a cross section of about 5 mm to 10 mm, long round shape like a pencil. In the area of East Java, called pivot , in Riau called the nipple , while for the Sarawak, Brunei and Malaysia
At the base (basic dagger) or the bottom of a keris called cannabis (for local calls Malay peninsulaaring ). In the center there is a hole pessimistic (round) just to enter a pessimistic, so that the integral wilah and marijuana. Cultural observer tosan aji say that the unity it symbolizes the unity oflinga and yoni , where cannabis represents the symbol of the yoni symbolizes lingganya while pessimistic. Marijuana is quick lizard-shaped, the front is called sirah lizard , the neck is called Gulu meled , the abdomen is called wetengan and tail called sebit ron .Various forms of marijuana are manifold, wilut , dungkul , flashing leeches and sebit rontal .
Luke , is part of a winding-wilah keris, and seen from the shape of the keris can be divided into two major categories, namely keris keris blade straight and winding or luk. One simple way to calculate luk at the bar, starting from the base toward the tip of the kris dagger, calculated from the convex side and is done on both sides of this side of the (right-left), then the last number is the number of luk on wilah-blades and the numbers are always odd ( odd ) and was never fulfilled , and the smallest is luk three (3) and most are luk thirteen (13). If there are a number of luk dagger was more than thirteen, usually called a kris kalawija , or keris is not uncommon.
Some pitcures of me with Museum Gajah Keris collection:
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