CHAPTER 1
Expressions of greetings, introducing, meeting and parting.
Greetings
• Good morning.
• Good afternoon.
• Good evening.
• How nice to see you
• Hello.
• How are you?
• How do you do?
• How're you doing?
• Hi!
Responses
• Good morning.
• Good afternoon.
• Good evening.
• Yes, it's been so nice.
Hello.
• Fine, thanks.
• How do you do?
• Not bad.
• Hi!
Partings
• Good night.
• Goodbye.
• See you later.
• Bye.
Introducing yourself
• First let me introduce myself.
• My name is ....
• Allow me to introduce my self.
• I'm ...
• Excuse me my name's...
• How do you do? My name is ....
• Hi! I'm ...
• Hello! My name is ...
• Good morning. My name's ...
Responses
• Good night.
• Goodbye.
• See you.
• Bye.
Introducing someone
• I would like to introduce you to ....
• Let me introduce you to ...
• This ...
• Allow me to introduce ....
• I'd like you to meet ...
• Do you know ...
• Oh look, here's Peter.
• Peter–Jeny, Jeny–Peter
When writing recounts you should:
- focus on individual people ie use the words, I or we
- use words which indicate when (eg after lunch) and where the events took place (eg in the shed)
- write in the past tense eg had, visited
- use action words eg helped, crutched.
Using Prepositions of Time
It is important to use correct prepositions to show
time relationship.
• Use at with specific times: at 5:00/at 7:30/at noon/ at midnight
• Use from and to with a span of time: from 6:00 to 9:00/from 1941 to 1945
• Use in with other parts of the day: in the afternoon/ in the morning/in the evening (exception: at night)
• Use in with months: in August/in June
• Use in with years: in 19999/in 2001
• Use in with seasons: in the spring/in the summer/ in the winter
• Use on with days of the week: on Sunday/on Tuesday/ on Friday
• Use on with specific dates: on June 30 on April 21, 2001/on New Year's Eve
CHAPTER SUMMARY
1. Language Functions
a. Introducing
• Hi, I am Deri.
• Hello, my name is Dewi.
b. Greeting
• Hi!
• Hello.
• Good morning.
• Good evening.
c. Parting
• Goodbye.
• See you later.
• Good night.
2. Genre
Recount
Social function : to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining
Generic structure
- Orientation : provides the setting and introduces participants
- Events : tell what happened, in what sequence
- Re-orientation : optional-closure of events
CHAPTER 2
Words
good news
happy
happiness
bad news
sympathy
affection
terrible
condolence
Expressions
It's really great. I'm so happy.
I'm delighted to hear that.
It gives me satisfaction.
I'm very sorry to hear that!
That is a pity/shame!
Are you OK?
What a terrible situation!
Please accept my condolences!
Different writers organise their stories in different ways.
However, they usually give their information about:
• the setting (the place, time)
• the characters (the people in the story)
• the events (the conflict in the story)
• the outcome (what happened in the end)
Expressions of showing happiness, sympathy and affection.
Showing Happiness
• It's really great. I'm so happy.
• I'm delighted to hear that.
• It gives me a great pleasure.
• Nice news! Or good News! It makes me happy.
• Hooray!
• It's lovely.
Showing Affection (Giving Attention)
• What should I do to cheer you up?
• I really care about you?
• Don't you worry. I'm with you.
• What's wrong with you?
• Hope you will be fine.
• Are you OK?
Showing Happiness
• It's really great. I'm so happy.
• I'm delighted to hear that.
• It gives me a great pleasure.
• Nice news! Or good News! It makes me happy.
• Hooray!
• It's lovely.
Showing Sympathy
• You have my deepest sympathy.
• What a terrible situation for you.
• I do sympathise (I assure you).
• I'm extremely sorry to hear that.
• I know how it feels
• Oh what a shame ....
• Oh that's awful.
• Oh dear, sorry to hear that.
Tell the story
1. Identify the setting, characters, events and outcome of the story.
2. Make sure that you fully understand the story.
3. Make the storytelling as interesting as possible.
Example:
Let me tell you something. This is a story of three foolish sons in northern Taiwan. There was a rich man having three sons. His house is large and located in the town of Keelung. As their sons were no longer children, he gave them much money. Well, its amount is two hundred dollars for each of his son. Can't you imagine that ....
(Continue your storytelling using your own words.)
Every text has its own structure. The structure of narrative text consists of three parts: orientation, complication, and resolution. Orientation describes scene and introduces the participants of the story. Complication begins when there is a problem in resolution. The structure of narrative text occurs in the text variously. A text may have only one complication and resolution but another text may have more than one complication and resolution.
Simple Past Tense
Affirmative
1. Rosaura ate her meal quickly.
2. Her father looked away in disappointment.
We can change the sentences into negative and question form.
Negative
1. Rosaura did not eat her meal quickly.
2. Her father did not look away in disappointment.
Question
1. Did Rosaura eat her meal quickly?
2. Did her father look away in disappointment?
In affirmative sentence we use verb in past form whereas in negative and question sentences we use infinitive. This tense is commonly used in story telling and when we tell others about past events.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
1. Language Functions
a. Expressions of happiness
• I am delighted.
• It's really a great pleasure.
b. Expressions of giving attention (affection)
• Are you OK?
• What's wrong with you?
c. Expressions of showing sympathy
• I'm sorry to hear that.
• You have my sincere condolences.
2. Genre
Narrative
Social Function : to amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicariousexperience in different ways.
Generic Structure
- Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants.
- Complication : a crisis arises.
- Resolution : the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.
CHAPTER 3
The tone of an invitation is always positive, in anticipation of a pleasurable occasion. Picture your guests smiling when they read your letter of invitation. Clever phrasing, poetry or a themed approach may be appropriate for an informal occasion, but you should express the details clearly.
Expressions of inviting, accepting, declining an invitation and an appointment.
FORMAL SITUATION
Inviting
• Would you like to ....
• I'd very much like you to ....
• We should be pleased/delighted if you could ....
• Would you care to ....
• You will ... won't you?
Accepting an Invitation
• That's very kind of you.
• We'd very much like to ....
• What a delightful idea.
• With the greatest pleasure.
• Thank you very much for inviting me.
Declining an Invitation
• I'm very sorry, I don't think I can.
• I'd like to, but ....
• I'm afraid I've already promised ....
• Thank you for asking me, but ....
• Unfortunately, I can't....
INFORMAL SITUATION
Accepting an Invitation
• I would/will ....
• That would be very nice.
• OK!
• I'd like to love to come.
• All right (then).
Declining an Invitation
• Sorry, I can't.
• I'd love to, but ....
• I don't think I can.
• I wish I could, but ....
Inviting
Why don't you come....
Like to come to ....
Come and ....
Shall we come to ....
You must come to ....
Making an Appointment
• How about tomorrow morning?
• Let's meet at ... o'clock.
Accepting an Appointment
• I'll come I promise.
• I'll be there.
Cancelling an Appointment
• Sorry, I don't think I can make it.
• I'm so sorry I can't make it
Example:
Ismail : I'm going to tell you how to cook rice.
Yudi : Good. What do I need?
Ismail : You will need two cups of water, a cup of rice, salt and a pan with a lid.
Yudi : All right. And then what should I do?
Ismail : First, wash the rice in cold water. Then, put the rice in the pan and add the water and the salt. Next, you heat the pan without the lid on until the water boils. When it has boiled, turn down the heat, put the lid on and cook it for about fifteen minutes.
The structure of procedure texts generally consists of three parts, namely goal, materials needed and methods or steps. This structure is appropriately applied in a recipe. In a how–to–text, the materials needed part sometimes is not applicable.
The purpose procedural text is to tell the reader how to do or make something. The information is presented in a logical sequence of events which is broken up into small sequenced steps. These texts are usually written in the present tense. The most common example of a procedural text is a recipe.
GRAMMER
Imperatives
1. a. You press the stop button.
b. Dian told Andi, "Press the stop button."
2. a. You plug the power cord into a wall outlet.
b. "Plug the power cord into a wall outlet," said mother.
3. a. You make sure the car is in neutral.
b. "Make sure the car is in neutral," said David.
• Imperatives or imperative sentences are used to give command or to make a request.
e.g. "Stand up," said the teacher. (command)
"Help me," asked the mother. (request)
• Imperative sentences can be used in negative form. It functions as prohibition.
e.g. "Don't hurry," said father.
"Don't be noisy," the teacher told the pupils.
We use "don't" or "do not" before verbs to state a prohibition.
• In imperative sentences we can use the word "do" before verbs. The word "do" could be persuasive, but could also express irritation.
e.g. Do come on time.
Do be quiet.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
1. Language Functions
Expressions of invitation
• Lets ....
• Join me.
• Will you come with ....
Accepting an appointment
• I'll come I promise.
• I'll be there.
Declining an appointment
• Sorry. I don't think I can make it.
• I'm sorry I can't make it.
2. Genre
Procedure
Social function : to describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.
Generic structure
- Goal.
- Materials (not required for all procedural texts)
- Steps (a series of steps oriented to achieving the goal)
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